Who first used the term 'military-industrial complex'?

The term 'military-industrial complex' was first used by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in his farewell address on January 17, 1961. In this speech, Eisenhower warned about the potential dangers of the relationship between the military and defense contractors, suggesting that the growing influence of this relationship could lead to the prioritization of military spending over social welfare and other public needs. Eisenhower’s caution was rooted in his experiences during World War II and the subsequent Cold War, where he observed how these entities could shape government policy and affect democracy.

The other figures listed did not use the term nor did they express concerns in quite the same way as Eisenhower did. Although John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, and Harry S. Truman were prominent figures in U.S. politics and had significant military policies during their terms, none specifically articulated the concept of the military-industrial complex as Eisenhower did. His message served as a critical warning that resonated in discussions about defense spending and the influence of military interests in government affairs for years to come.